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A major concern of coastal engineering is not only to access the damage to coastal structures by severe wave overtopping, but also the hazard imposed to users. Local hazard is often associated to the volume of overtopping water per unit of time (called overtopping discharge). Despite two decades of intensive research, it is yet not fully clear to practitioners what is the best method to compute the discharge parameter and its application on the assessment of local hazard. This work provides insight into the overtopping characterization in rubble mound breakwaters, by distinguishing different methods to assess hazardous overtopping. Fieldwork was conducted over a tidal cycle in a breakwater located at Albufeira Harbour (South coast of Portugal) under storm conditions (Hso~ 3 m; Tp ~ 9 s). Mean overtopping discharges were calculated from field measurements of flow depths and velocities at the breakwater slope armour and at the impermeable crest. Two different velocities were calculated: overtopping leading-edge velocity and overtopping peak velocity. The two methods provided similar results, with higher velocities occurring during high-tide (between 2 and 10 m/s). Mean overtopping discharges at the beginning of the impermeable crest ranged between 0.2 and 0.8 l/s/m. Under the measured hydrodynamic conditions, the breakwater offers risk to all types of pedestrians.Additionally it is shown that field measurements compare relatively well with empirical prediction methods (for the overall analysed overtopping events), namely the corrected NN_OVERTOPPING2 neural network tool. Besides contributing to the overall database on wave overtopping in coastal structures, the presented results can also be used for calibration and validation of overtopping evaluation methods (empirical formulae, artificial neural networks and numerical and physical models).

No presente trabalho, investiga-se, usando a modelação numérica, a interacção de um escoamentouniforme laminar e bidimensional com um conjunto de três cilindros. Dois cilindros de controlo sãoposicionados simetricamente na esteira de um cilindro principal, induzindo alterações significativas natopologia do escoamento e nos respectivos coeficientes aerodinâmicos. Esta forma de controlo dos esforços éconhecida na literatura por controlo passivo da esteira. Os cilindros de controlo têm um diâmetro de D/8, sendoD o diâmetro do cilindro principal. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para um número de Reynolds200. Dos vários resultados obtidos no estudo, destaca-se que para uma distância entre os centros dos cilindrosde controlo e o centro do cilindro principal de 0.7D na direcção do escoamento e 0.7D na direcção transversalao escoamento, o coeficiente de arrasto médio do cilindro principal é reduzido de 27% comparando com o valorde um cilindro isolado, mas, considerando a estrutura total (o conjunto dos três cilindros), a redução docoeficiente de arrasto médio é de apenas de 4%. No entanto, para esta configuração, os coeficientes root-meansquarede arrasto e de sustentação são fortemente reduzidos, 0.0001 e 0.0036, respectivamente, comparando osde um cilindro isolado, 0.035 e 0.47, respectivamente, o que corresponde a uma redução da intensidade dasflutuações que actuam no cilindro principal de três ordens de grandeza.

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Prediction of wave forces on caisson-type breakwaters is challenging, especially in the case of impact loads that strongly depend on wave reflection, and wave breaking which affects the wave characteristics near the structure. In recent years, numerical models have been further developed and their use is becoming increasingly attractive, such as the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical models which enable the simulation of complex free surface flows. The SPH numerical model developed at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) is validated by comparing the numerical results of the wave interaction with a vertical wall using data obtained from physical modeling tests carried out in one of the LNEC

Este artigo visa apresentar as análises comparativas da agitação marítima entre as medições obtidas dos resultados da modelagemnumérica, com a aplicação do modelo SWAN, e os resultados das medições in situ durante duas campanhas realizadas no período de 20 a27 de dezembro de 2010 e de 15 a 22 de fevereiro de 2011, na costa do litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil.O estudo tem como principal objetivo, avaliar o desempenho do modelo SWAN quanto à previsão de agitação marítima, aferindo suaspotencialidades e limitações para a região de interesse.As medições in situ foram efetuadas em dois locais próximo da costa em profundidades de 5 e 9 m, respectivamente, onde os dadosforam processados para se obter as análises espectrais e empregado as análises estatísticas do conjunto de amostragem. Nas condiçõesde fronteira, foram considerado os estados de mar estimados (Hm0

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a aplicação ao porto da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira,Açores, Portugal, da metodologia de avaliação do risco de galgamentos em estruturasmarítimas em desenvolvimento no LNEC. Em particular, avalia-se a influência da variaçãodo nível de maré na caracterização da agitação marítima e as consequentes implicações nadeterminação do risco de galgamentos. Esta metodologia é constituída por três etapas: acaracterização da agitação marítima, a determinação dos galgamentos sobre as estruturase a avaliação do risco de galgamentos. A caracterização da agitação é feita com recurso amodelos numéricos de propagação de ondas. Utilizando os resultados do modelo deprevisão de larga escala WAVEWATCH III como dados de entrada para os modelosregionais de propagação de ondas, modelos SWAN e DREAMS, é caracterizada a agitaçãomarítima na zona do porto da Praia da Vitória, para o período de 2009 a 2010, tendo emconta a variação do nível de maré nesse período. Mais concretamente, define-se o regimede agitação incidente para duas estruturas selecionadas no âmbito deste estudo: oquebramar sul do porto e a defesa frontal da baía. O cálculo dos galgamentos é efetuadocom o modelo neuronal NN_OVERTOPPING2 que, através da introdução dos parâmetroscaracterísticos da agitação incidente (altura significativa da onda, período e direção deagitação) e das características geométricas de cada estrutura, permite obter o caudal médiogalgado por metro linear de estrutura. A avaliação do risco baseia-se no produto do grau deprobabilidade de ocorrência de galgamentos superiores a um dado limiar pré-estabelecidopelo grau de consequências que advém desse limiar ser ultrapassado. Após a definição doslimiares associados a cada estrutura, determina-se a frequência de ocorrência de valores decaudais médios galgados superiores a esses limites e define-se o tipo de consequênciasque a excedência desses valores de caudal médio crítico acarreta. Com estes valores,associam-se graus de probabilidade de ocorrência de galgamentos e de consequências,cujo produto permite obter o grau de risco associado a cada estrutura. Os resultados assimobtidos nas estruturas selecionadas, quer em termos de alturas de onda significativas, decaudal médio galgado ou de grau de risco associado aos galgamentos, são comparadoscom os obtidos na situação em que o nível de maré foi considerado constante e igual a +1.4m (Z.H.).

This Discussion provides comments on the applicationof grain-size trend analysis to Camposoto beach(SW Spain) reported by Poizot et al. (2013) in Geo-MarineLetters 33(4):263

Descrevem-se os procedimentos para a avaliação da distribuição dos movimentos verticais de um navio em manobranuma bacia portuária e que incluem a definição da função resposta do navio a ondas monocromáticas nele incidentes,bem como a determinação das características da agitação marítima ao longo do trajeto do navio. Ilustra-se a influênciada velocidade de avanço do navio naquela distribuição avaliando-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de movimentosverticais superiores a um limiar pré-definido na manobra de um navio no porto da Praia da Vitória, Açores.

Numerical modeling of the interaction between waves and coastal structures is a challenge due to the many nonlinearphenomena involved, such as wave propagation, wave transformation with water depth, interaction between incident andreflected waves, runup/rundown and wave overtopping. For simulating such complex free-surface flows, numerical modelsbased on Lagrangian formulation, such as Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), are on option. Even though validationof these numerical models is essential, comparing numerical results with experimental data is not an easy task. In thepresent paper, an SPH numerical model is validated comparing numerical results of waves interacting with a compositebreakwater with data obtained from physical model tests carried out in one of the LNEC

Groins are cross shore structures built to promote shoreline stabilization. However, the specific impact of these structures on the wave conditions and velocity field nearshore (and hence, on sediment transport) is still poorly understood. Therefore, this study wishes to extend this knowledge using a numerical model, COULWAVE, previously validated with field data. For that, a typical bar-trough profile is considered and different groin lengths and orientations are tested, under the influence of different significant incident-wave heights and sea-surface levels.The hydrodynamics factors are found to have a greater impact on the nearshore wave conditions than the groin geometry. The variation of significant incident-wave height imparts the greater changes in wave height nearshore, where the groin would be located. The typical tidal range is also important, since a 2 m change in sea surface level can cause great depth changes over bathymetric features and thus influence wave propagation. Although less important, the geometry of the groin should also be considered. The greater the length, the greater the sheltering effect expected, extending further to the lee-side of the groin. The impact will also reach a broader region. With a smaller impact verified, the best orientation of the groin is hard to unravel.

This paper describes the advances on the research project DITOWEC

Nesta comunicação, descreve-se o sistema HIDRALERTA (sistema de previsão e alerta de inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias), sistema em ambiente SIG que tem como ideia-base a utilização de previsões da agitação marítima (a 180 horas) para calcular os seus efeitos na costa, nomeadamente em termos de galgamentos e inundações. Dos desenvolvimentos mais recentes ou em curso destacam-se: a construção de mapas de risco costeiro, a partir da análise de uma série de 30 anos de dados de agitação marítima; o desenvolvimento e aplicação do sistema de alerta e da plataforma WEB para a zona da praia de São João da Caparica e para o porto e baía da Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Açores); a aplicação, com recurso a ferramentas SIG, de metodologias quantitativas de análise das consequências do galgamento/inundação (por exemplo, o Processo de Análise Hierárquica

The behaviour of a coastal structure depends on the nearshore hydrodynamics which isdependent from waves and their interaction with the structure. The knowledge of the wave transformationand breaking characteristics close to coastal structures becomes crucial for understanding the physicalprocesses that are involved and to the design of those coastal structures. Physical models and laboratoryexperiments are important tools for a better knowledge and characterization of these phenomena. In thiswork, wave flume tests were performed to analyse the wave hydrodynamics in the vicinity of a structure,constructed with a typical slope of a rubble-mound breakwater. We measured the free surface elevationand velocities by means of resistive probes and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry. The results enable theidentification of complex phenomena in velocity field and several changes in the velocity field and waveheight caused by set-up, reflexion and wave breaking due to the presence of the structure. The increase ofthree-dimensional effects in the vicinity of the structure was also verified. The reliable experimental datacould be used to numerical models data validation.

Monitoring of water particle velocity on the sea bed is crucial to study morphological shore changes in a coast at intermediate and shallow water depth under progressive surface waves and tidal flow current. Therefore, 3-D particle velocity was monitored continuously at the bottom of Santa Maria del Mar (SMM) beach (SW Spain) by means of a single point current meter during 3 weeks in 2007 since August 28. The current meter was placed at 0.45m above the seabed in order to acquire instantaneous velocity. Wave properties (height and period) were taken from the nearby wave buoy and tidal data were taken from a tidal gauge station. Wave-induced bottom particle velocities were obtained during spring and neap tides at a d/L (depth over wave length) parameter ranging from 0.06 to 0.3. Bottom water particle velocity near the seabed ranges from 0 to ± 0.5 m/sec of which about 82% does not exceed 0.2 m/sec during monitoring. Therefore, only 18% of the surveyed water particle velocities exceed the critical Shield parameter of the beach sand (d50 = 0.23mm) which is about 0.05-0.2 depending on Reynolds number. Results show that maximum horizontal speed is obviously lower during the slack tide (high or low tide) in comparison with flood tide and ebb tide. Moreover, speed is higher during ebb tide in comparison to adjacent flood tide, with steady wave climate. Finally and among other conclusions, the maximum real values of the bottom current surveyed in SMM, as well as the Shield parameter, substantially coincide with the theoretical estimates calculated for a given wave and tidal climate.

No domínio específico do projeto e construção de obras marítimas e portuárias, ao contrário de outro tipo de obras de engenharia, não existe normativa de carácter obrigatório. No entanto, embora não haja legislação específica, existem, em diversos países, recomendações nacionais que reúnem os conceitos e critérios necessários ao Projeto, de forma a melhorar a segurança e otimizar obras de grande importância económica. Normalmente as recomendações focam não só o dimensionamento e construção de obras marítimo-portuárias e costeiras, novas ou extensão das existentes, mas também a sua monitorização e manutenção. Esta comunicação resume as recomendações internacionais existentes, já que em Portugal não há normativas nem recomendações nacionais para apoio ao dimensionamento hidráulico/estrutural de obras marítimas, incluindo as específicas para o dimensionamento geotécnico de obras marítimas e uma breve comparação entre elas.

The need for shelter zones in coastal areas leads to the construction ofstructures for shore protection such as breakwaters. Its design is mainly made based insemi-empirical formulas [1] [2] [3] and in the experience of the project designer, being thee ectiveness of the breakwater carried out through physical modelling.The Harbours and Maritime Structures Division of National Laboratory (NPE, portugueseacronym) for Civil Engineering (LNEC, portuguese acronym) have developed several ex-periments in bidimensional and tridimensional models. Through this experiments, thestability of the breakwater is tested and the evaluation of damage is made by counting thearmor units dislocated (movements or displacements).This damage evaluation is currentlydone by visual inspection thus being a subjective method where some relevant movementsmay go unnoticed.

Rubble-mound structures are commonly used for coastal and port protection and needs aproperly design as well as inspection and maintenance during its lifetime. The design of such breakwatersusually requires a physical scale model to be tested under different irregular incident wave and tideconditions in order to evaluate its hydraulic and structural behaviour, namely the stability of the proposeddesign. Armour units displacement and fall analysis in physical models are then a key point in the designverification and usually requires a trained technician. In this work, an algorithm made in Matlab® ispresented, consisting in digital images processing and analysis which allows automatic and precisedisplacement detection as well as its location in time and space. For a selected displacement, it is alsopossible to characterize it.

The HIDRALERTA system is current1y being implemented as a novel ear1y warning system to assess the risk of flooding in coastal and port region areas. With forecasted sea wave conditions at coastal and port areas, the system is able to determine the effects of waves in terms of wave overtopping and flooding, to compare those results with pre-specified thresholds, to build alert maps, and, if necessary, to issue alert messages. The system will be applied to two case studies: Praia da Vitória harbor, in Terceira Island, Azores, and Caparica beach, near Lisbon. One of the major inputs of this integrated system is the characterization of sea wave conditions at the site of interest, so that both measured wave data and selected numerical models are used. Numerical models, however, should be calibrated for each area of application. This paper is a contribution to get a better insight of the wave characteristics at one of those case studies, the Caparica beach, to provide adequate calibration of the mentioned numerical models. Therefore, two measurement campaigns were organized at that location, using several instruments. Data was collected and analyzed, then compared with those transferred from the Port of Lisbon wave buoy, by using numerical wave propagation models, which then enabled one to evaluate SWAN's performance and to calibrate some of its parameters. Thus, the paper describes the sea wave characterization using both in-situ data and transferred data from the Port of Lisbon wave buoy, and discusses the SWAN' s strengths and weaknesses to simulate thewave conditions measured at the two above mentioned campaigns.

O sistema HIDRALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta de risco de galgamento e inundações emáreas costeiras e portuárias, atualmente em desenvolvimento. Para obtenção das condições de agitação marítimalocais são utilizados modelos numéricos de propagação de ondas, nomeadamente o modelo SWAN. Este trabalhovisa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das características da agitação marítima local num dos casos deestudo considerados no projeto: a praia de S. João de Caparica. Assim, utilizaram-se os dados recolhidos em duascampanhas de medição naquela zona, os quais foram depois analisados e comparados com os resultados obtidospelo modelo SWAN para o mesmo local. Foi ainda feita a comparação entre os dados fornecidos pela boia daAPL e o modelo SWAN, no local da boia. Estes procedimentos permitiram avaliar o desempenho do modeloSWAN para este local.

Este artigo descreve a aplicação do modelo SWAN-VEG para o lago da barragem de Ilha Solteira - São Paulo, Brasil, que faz parte da Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná, a fim de analisar a influência da vegetação sobre a redução da energia das ondas perto das margens do lago. Primeiramente, o modelo é aplicado, considerando uma profundidade constante em todo o reservatório da barragem e uma pequena área de vegetação localizada junto ao paredão da barragem. São testados vários valores de velocidade e direção do vento, bem como diferentes tipos de vegetação. Em seguida, a batimetria real do lago é considerada, bem como vegetação em determinadas zonas nas margens do lago. Várias condições de vento são testadas e comparadas para as situações com e sem vegetação.

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C2IMPRESS is a multi-disciplinary project which aims to enhance understanding and public awareness on multi-hazard risk, based on innovative models, methods, frameworks, tools and technologies to develop decision-making platforms with a fine-grained spatio-temporal data to better assess impacts, vulnerability and resilience on natural hazards. This Report is the Deliverable 1.1 and belongs to Work Package 1, which is mainly addressed to identify the past climate and physical processes that underlie natural disaster events and their consequences

A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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