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A major concern of coastal engineering is not only to access the damage to coastal structures by severe wave overtopping, but also the hazard imposed to users. Local hazard is often associated to the volume of overtopping water per unit of time (called overtopping discharge). Despite two decades of intensive research, it is yet not fully clear to practitioners what is the best method to compute the discharge parameter and its application on the assessment of local hazard. This work provides insight into the overtopping characterization in rubble mound breakwaters, by distinguishing different methods to assess hazardous overtopping. Fieldwork was conducted over a tidal cycle in a breakwater located at Albufeira Harbour (South coast of Portugal) under storm conditions (Hso~ 3 m; Tp ~ 9 s). Mean overtopping discharges were calculated from field measurements of flow depths and velocities at the breakwater slope armour and at the impermeable crest. Two different velocities were calculated: overtopping leading-edge velocity and overtopping peak velocity. The two methods provided similar results, with higher velocities occurring during high-tide (between 2 and 10 m/s). Mean overtopping discharges at the beginning of the impermeable crest ranged between 0.2 and 0.8 l/s/m. Under the measured hydrodynamic conditions, the breakwater offers risk to all types of pedestrians.Additionally it is shown that field measurements compare relatively well with empirical prediction methods (for the overall analysed overtopping events), namely the corrected NN_OVERTOPPING2 neural network tool. Besides contributing to the overall database on wave overtopping in coastal structures, the presented results can also be used for calibration and validation of overtopping evaluation methods (empirical formulae, artificial neural networks and numerical and physical models).

No presente trabalho, investiga-se, usando a modelação numérica, a interacção de um escoamentouniforme laminar e bidimensional com um conjunto de três cilindros. Dois cilindros de controlo sãoposicionados simetricamente na esteira de um cilindro principal, induzindo alterações significativas natopologia do escoamento e nos respectivos coeficientes aerodinâmicos. Esta forma de controlo dos esforços éconhecida na literatura por controlo passivo da esteira. Os cilindros de controlo têm um diâmetro de D/8, sendoD o diâmetro do cilindro principal. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para um número de Reynolds200. Dos vários resultados obtidos no estudo, destaca-se que para uma distância entre os centros dos cilindrosde controlo e o centro do cilindro principal de 0.7D na direcção do escoamento e 0.7D na direcção transversalao escoamento, o coeficiente de arrasto médio do cilindro principal é reduzido de 27% comparando com o valorde um cilindro isolado, mas, considerando a estrutura total (o conjunto dos três cilindros), a redução docoeficiente de arrasto médio é de apenas de 4%. No entanto, para esta configuração, os coeficientes root-meansquarede arrasto e de sustentação são fortemente reduzidos, 0.0001 e 0.0036, respectivamente, comparando osde um cilindro isolado, 0.035 e 0.47, respectivamente, o que corresponde a uma redução da intensidade dasflutuações que actuam no cilindro principal de três ordens de grandeza.

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Prediction of wave forces on caisson-type breakwaters is challenging, especially in the case of impact loads that strongly depend on wave reflection, and wave breaking which affects the wave characteristics near the structure. In recent years, numerical models have been further developed and their use is becoming increasingly attractive, such as the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical models which enable the simulation of complex free surface flows. The SPH numerical model developed at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) is validated by comparing the numerical results of the wave interaction with a vertical wall using data obtained from physical modeling tests carried out in one of the LNEC

Este artigo visa apresentar as análises comparativas da agitação marítima entre as medições obtidas dos resultados da modelagemnumérica, com a aplicação do modelo SWAN, e os resultados das medições in situ durante duas campanhas realizadas no período de 20 a27 de dezembro de 2010 e de 15 a 22 de fevereiro de 2011, na costa do litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil.O estudo tem como principal objetivo, avaliar o desempenho do modelo SWAN quanto à previsão de agitação marítima, aferindo suaspotencialidades e limitações para a região de interesse.As medições in situ foram efetuadas em dois locais próximo da costa em profundidades de 5 e 9 m, respectivamente, onde os dadosforam processados para se obter as análises espectrais e empregado as análises estatísticas do conjunto de amostragem. Nas condiçõesde fronteira, foram considerado os estados de mar estimados (Hm0

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a aplicação ao porto da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira,Açores, Portugal, da metodologia de avaliação do risco de galgamentos em estruturasmarítimas em desenvolvimento no LNEC. Em particular, avalia-se a influência da variaçãodo nível de maré na caracterização da agitação marítima e as consequentes implicações nadeterminação do risco de galgamentos. Esta metodologia é constituída por três etapas: acaracterização da agitação marítima, a determinação dos galgamentos sobre as estruturase a avaliação do risco de galgamentos. A caracterização da agitação é feita com recurso amodelos numéricos de propagação de ondas. Utilizando os resultados do modelo deprevisão de larga escala WAVEWATCH III como dados de entrada para os modelosregionais de propagação de ondas, modelos SWAN e DREAMS, é caracterizada a agitaçãomarítima na zona do porto da Praia da Vitória, para o período de 2009 a 2010, tendo emconta a variação do nível de maré nesse período. Mais concretamente, define-se o regimede agitação incidente para duas estruturas selecionadas no âmbito deste estudo: oquebramar sul do porto e a defesa frontal da baía. O cálculo dos galgamentos é efetuadocom o modelo neuronal NN_OVERTOPPING2 que, através da introdução dos parâmetroscaracterísticos da agitação incidente (altura significativa da onda, período e direção deagitação) e das características geométricas de cada estrutura, permite obter o caudal médiogalgado por metro linear de estrutura. A avaliação do risco baseia-se no produto do grau deprobabilidade de ocorrência de galgamentos superiores a um dado limiar pré-estabelecidopelo grau de consequências que advém desse limiar ser ultrapassado. Após a definição doslimiares associados a cada estrutura, determina-se a frequência de ocorrência de valores decaudais médios galgados superiores a esses limites e define-se o tipo de consequênciasque a excedência desses valores de caudal médio crítico acarreta. Com estes valores,associam-se graus de probabilidade de ocorrência de galgamentos e de consequências,cujo produto permite obter o grau de risco associado a cada estrutura. Os resultados assimobtidos nas estruturas selecionadas, quer em termos de alturas de onda significativas, decaudal médio galgado ou de grau de risco associado aos galgamentos, são comparadoscom os obtidos na situação em que o nível de maré foi considerado constante e igual a +1.4m (Z.H.).

This Discussion provides comments on the applicationof grain-size trend analysis to Camposoto beach(SW Spain) reported by Poizot et al. (2013) in Geo-MarineLetters 33(4):263

Descrevem-se os procedimentos para a avaliação da distribuição dos movimentos verticais de um navio em manobranuma bacia portuária e que incluem a definição da função resposta do navio a ondas monocromáticas nele incidentes,bem como a determinação das características da agitação marítima ao longo do trajeto do navio. Ilustra-se a influênciada velocidade de avanço do navio naquela distribuição avaliando-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de movimentosverticais superiores a um limiar pré-definido na manobra de um navio no porto da Praia da Vitória, Açores.

Numerical modeling of the interaction between waves and coastal structures is a challenge due to the many nonlinearphenomena involved, such as wave propagation, wave transformation with water depth, interaction between incident andreflected waves, runup/rundown and wave overtopping. For simulating such complex free-surface flows, numerical modelsbased on Lagrangian formulation, such as Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), are on option. Even though validationof these numerical models is essential, comparing numerical results with experimental data is not an easy task. In thepresent paper, an SPH numerical model is validated comparing numerical results of waves interacting with a compositebreakwater with data obtained from physical model tests carried out in one of the LNEC

Groins are cross shore structures built to promote shoreline stabilization. However, the specific impact of these structures on the wave conditions and velocity field nearshore (and hence, on sediment transport) is still poorly understood. Therefore, this study wishes to extend this knowledge using a numerical model, COULWAVE, previously validated with field data. For that, a typical bar-trough profile is considered and different groin lengths and orientations are tested, under the influence of different significant incident-wave heights and sea-surface levels.The hydrodynamics factors are found to have a greater impact on the nearshore wave conditions than the groin geometry. The variation of significant incident-wave height imparts the greater changes in wave height nearshore, where the groin would be located. The typical tidal range is also important, since a 2 m change in sea surface level can cause great depth changes over bathymetric features and thus influence wave propagation. Although less important, the geometry of the groin should also be considered. The greater the length, the greater the sheltering effect expected, extending further to the lee-side of the groin. The impact will also reach a broader region. With a smaller impact verified, the best orientation of the groin is hard to unravel.

Coastal vegetation can contribute to protect the coasts from sea wave action, as controlling local biology and morphodynamics. A common way to estimate the wave energy dissipation over vegetation is to use the Mendez and Losada (2004) analytical formulation in combination with the calibrated bulk drag coefficient parameter (CD). However, an excessive range of CD values is found in the literature related to same Reynolds (Re) or Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) numbers. This may be due to a lack of universality of the empirical equations proposed and/or limitations of the analytical model. The numerical model SWASH (Zijlema et al., 2011) characterises wave dissipation over vegetation fields (Suzuki et al., 2019, 2022; Reis et al., 2020) considering the influence of the drag, inertia, and porous effects on cylindrical structures. Potentially, SWASH offers enhanced capacities to describe the physical processes involved and to calibrate associated CD values. Wave dissipation over vegetation data was collected by performing laboratory flume experiments, enabling an ideal control of the study conditions. The analytical formulation and the SWASH numerical model are applied to estimate the wave dissipation obtained in the experiments, through the calibration of the CD.The objective of this study is to investigate: i) how the analytical and SWASH models can represent the experimental wave dissipation, and ii) the calibrated CD values obtained from each modelling approach.

Downtime of port terminals results in large economic losses and has a major impact on the overall competitiveness of ports. Early Warning Systems (EWS) are an effective tool to reduce ports

Aquatic vegetation in the littoral zone, particularly seagrass, is gaining increasing recognition for its net positive impact on the hosting environment. This recognition is rooted in its capacity to absorb wave energy, regulate water flow, and manage nutrient levels, sedimentation and accretion. Thus, there is a growing interest in integrating seagrass as a key component of a comprehensive climate-conscious strategy (Ondiviela et al., 2014). An effective approach to quantify the positive potential of seagrasses in altering coastal wave dynamics is by using numerical models. These numerical models operate at various spatio- temporal scales, ranging from large domains and multiple years to just a few regular waves in high resolution CFD numerical simulations. Zeller et al. (2014) classified these models, operating at different scales into three categories, each addressing the wave-vegetation interaction at a distinct scale: (1) blade scale, (2) meadow scale, and (3) ecosystem scale. The aim of the present study is to investigate the interaction between waves and vegetation at the blade scale. The primary objectives are two: first, to introduce a direct numerical technique that involves a two-way coupling between a fluid solver and a structural solver, and second, to present novel experimental data for a single flexible cylinder (Reis, 2022) serving as validation for the present (and future) numerical model(s).

The present work describes the developments done so far to the Praia da Vitoria coastal region under the LIFEGARACHICO project, namely the implementation of module on HIDRALERTA early warning system foremergency response to coastal waver topping and flooding at Praia da Vitória bay.

The present work describes the developments done so far to the Praia da Vitoria coastal region under the LIFE-GARACHICO project, namely the implementation of module on HIDRALERTA early warning system for emergency response to coastal waver topping and flooding at Praia da Vitória bay.

O acesso marítimo ao Porto de Aveiro apresenta problemas de navegabilidade que condicionam a entrada de navios de grande dimensão, em particular em algumas situações de maré e agitação marítima. Este estudo apresenta e avalia uma configuração alternativa para a embocadura da Ria de Aveiro que visa mitigar estes problemas.

O acesso marítimo ao Porto de Aveiro apresenta problemas de navegabilidade que condicionam a entrada de navios de grande dimensão, em particular em algumas situações de maré e agitação marítima. Este estudo apresenta e avalia uma configuração alternativa para a embocadura da Ria de Aveiro que visa mitigar estes problemas.

Docking large vessels is a delicate operation as the kinetic energy associated with the large mass of the vessel can result in high impact forces that can damage the vessel, fenders or even the quay. Berthing loads are usually quantified using design formulae based on kinetic energy and a single point of impact. Some correction factors are then used to consider the hydrodynamic mass, the ship

Docking large vessels is a delicate operation as the kinetic energy associated with the large mass of the vessel can result in high impact forces that can damage the vessel, fenders or even the quay. Berthing loads are usually quantified using design formulae based on kinetic energy and a single point of impact. Some correction factors are then used to consider the hydrodynamic mass, the ship

This communication describes the methodologies applied in the conception, implementation, andanalysis of a set of surveys on the risk perception of coastal flooding, carried out in the community ofPraia da Vitória (Azores, Terceira Island, Portugal).This work is part of the project LIFE-GARAC HICO* (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641), whose objectiveis to create a Flexible Adaptation Strategic Framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, toincrease the resilience of these areas in face of current and future (considering climate change impacts)coastal extreme events. The project follows a co-participatory approach, to promote awareness amongthe population and increase reliability in coastal risk management. Indeed, involving all the existentstakeholders is the first step in promoting a democratic risk management, which in the end, leads to aresilience increase, in the face of global warming conditions.

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The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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