Publicações

The Port of Sines is located on the west coast of Portugal, sheltered by two breakwaters: thewest and the east breakwaters (Figure 1). Originally, the west breakwater was 2 km long indepths up to 50 m, protected by two armour layers of 400 kN dolosse on a 1:1.5 slope(Mettam, 1976). In February 1978, immediately after breakwater construction, a storm, with asignificant wave height of 8 m, damaged the breakwater armour layer in four different areas.One year later, a more severe storm caused failure of almost the entire armour layer andsuperstructure, leading to urgent repair works during the 1980s. The last rehabilitation workswere concluded in 1992.

O conhecimento da agitação marítima é fundamental para o planeamento de intervenções e estudos costeiros, para simular os possíveis impactos ambientais de obras de engenharia e para a definição de procedimentos em situações de emergência. Os modelos numéricos de propagação de ondas, devido à sua rapidez, flexibilidade e gama de aplicação, contribuem de forma importante para os estudos costeiros. Apesar destas qualidades permitirem a simulação de diversos cenários de forma simplificada, os modelos exigem a utilização de grandes quantidades de dados e originam também grandes quantidades de resultados para cada caso em estudo.Os sistemas de informação geográfica permitem a organização e interpretação de grandes quantidades de informação, mostrando de forma rápida os padrões e tendências principais em qualquer processo de tomada de decisão.Neste âmbito tem vindo a ser desenvolvido o sistema GUIOMAR: Geo(Graphical) User Interface for cOastal and MARine modeling, um sistema integrado para a modelação da agitação marítima, aplicado à zona costeira portuguesa e que inclui todas as funcionalidades de um SIG.A versão actual do sistema foi desenvolvida em linguagem VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) para o ArcGIS9.0TM. O sistema GUIOMAR tem 3 componentes principais: (i) um software comercial de SIG; (ii) uma interface com o utilizador que é responsável pela comunicação entre o utilizador e o sistema; (iii) um conjunto de modelos de propagação de ondas, com diferentes domínios de aplicação: REF/DIF 1(Dalrymple e Kirby, 1991), REF/DIF S(Kirby e Ozkan, 1994), FUNWAVE 1D e 2D (Kirby et al., 1998), DREAMS (Fortes, 2002) e SWAN (Booij et al., 1999); Inclui também um programa de construção de malhas não estruturadas para os modelos numéricos, GMALHA (Pinheiro et al., 2006).O trabalho apresenta numa aplicação do sistema GUIOMAR ao Porto de Sines na qual foram testados os desenvolvimentos mais recentes do sistema, como é o caso da acoplagem dos modelos de propagação de ondas DREAMS e SWAN através da interface do GUIOMAR. Para tal, foi efectuada uma caracterização intensiva do Porto de Sines para o cálculo dos coeficientes de reflexão a aplicar no modelo DREAMS. O resultado final deste trabalho foi a caracterização do regime de agitação marítima dentro e fora do porto de Sines através da utilização dos procedimentos implementados no sistema GUIOMAR.

GUIOMAR is an integrated system for coastal engineering modeling, developed with a commercial software of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This system allows the utilization of both wave propagation models and of all the functionalities that are inherent to the GIS software, and it is being designed to help in the decision making process in coastal areas. GUIOMAR system is composed of three main components: a GIS commercial software, a set of modules/models of wave propagation and other pre and post processing algorithms programmed in FORTRANTM, and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed in VBA for ArcGISTM, which is responsible for the communication between the user and the system. At the moment, are available six wave propagation models and a program that automatically generates unstructured grids for the numerical models. In this paper, GUIOMAR structure and a general overview of its interface are presented. In order to achieve important information about the system operability, a test was made for an important Portuguese harbor. Sines harbor, at the southeast of Europe, 37º 57

This paper describes the implementation of a new boundary conditions in the BOUSSIIW model (BOUSSinesq model with Internal Irregular Wave generation). BOUSSIIW is a finite element numerical model for wave propagation in near shore regions that is able to describe the wave field outside and inside harbours and sheltered zones. It is based upon the extended Boussinesq equation derived by Nwogu. These equations describe the nonlinear evolution of waves over a sloping impermeable bottom and are able to reproduce some of the most important physical effects associated with the nonlinear wave transformation in near shore regions. Their range of validity extends from shallow up to intermediate water depths. Monochromatic and irregular waves can be generated by the model using the source function method. The two boundary conditions available were full reflection or full absorption. A new partial reflection boundary condition is implemented. The model is validated with a simple test case. Reflection coefficients obtained with BOUSSIIW were compared to widely used empirical formula, enabling the assessment of the new condition

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This paper presents the results of the study performed for estimating the run-up and flood levelsin a stretch of Vale do Lobo beach, located at Loulé Municipality, in the Algarve region.The study started by defining the offshore wave conditions in the area, based upon data collectedduring 1991 by the Portuguese Hydrographic Institute with a directional wave-buoy located atFaro. These conditions were then transferred to the vicinity of Vale do Lobo beach by using theGUIOMAR system, namely its SWAN module. GUIOMAR is an integrated system for modellingwave propagation in coastal engineering studies. It is currently being developed to providesupport for a sustainable planning and management of the costal area.Two empirical formulations were applied for estimating the run-up at Vale do Lobo beach during1991: one based on field data and the other based on physical model tests. Two water levelswere considered and a sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the differences betweenthe two formulations and the impact of some of the parameters on the end results. The floodlevels were also estimated.

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of 2-D wave diffraction by a fixed horizontal-axis submergedcircular cylinder. The objective of the paper is to report and validate results from the fully nonlinear 2-D boundary-elementmethod code CANAL; to assess the capability of the physical wave flume and the measurement methodology to study thistype of problem; and to contribute to the understanding of the wave diffraction by a circular cylinder. Two test cases arepresented, both in deep-water conditions. The cylinder axis submergence is 1^5r (r is the cylinder radius) for the first case,and 3r for the second, the latter corresponding to the experimental study presented in the paper. A discretization convergenceevaluation is also presented for the second case. The good agreement between the numerical and the experimental resultsproves that this numerical model is able to accurately simulate this type of problems. No reflection was noticed on the incidentwave side of the cylinder. It was found that nonlinear resonant interactions occur between the fundamental frequency andthe harmonics on the transmitted wave side of the cylinder. Free waves were observed on this part of the wave flume.

This paper describes the application of the Boussinesq model (FUNWAVE 2D) to study the wave propagation inthe vicinity of an artificial reef, to be implemented at S. Pedro do Estoril, Cascais, Portugal. First, the model wascalibrated using measurements obtained in the 3D experiments performed at the wave tank of LNEC (scale1:30). Then, an evaluation of the model performance is presented. For that, a comparison between numerical andphysical model results in terms of the free surface elevation and wave heights is done for some incident waveconditions. It is shown that the numerical model predicts wave heights that are comparable to measurements ifthe wave breaking sub-model is properly tuned for dissipation over the artificial reef.Finally, the model was used to evaluate the reef performance in terms of the hydrodynamics around the reef, thewave breaking area and the surfability parameters.The numerical results confirm that the reef alters significantly the wave heights and wave directions in the zone,due refraction and diffraction effects. Best surf conditions (plunging waves with adequate values of the peelangle) occur with the reef for most of the tested conditions.

Portugal is one of many countries in the world to suffer from coastal erosion. Conventional ways of protecting acoastline appear to entail some disadvantages. An innovative and interesting way of protecting a local coastalzone by means of multi-functional artificial reefs avoids some of them. A multi-functional artificial reef is asubmerged breakwater which protects the local coastline and may also enhance the surfing possibilities and theenvironmental value of the local area. The structure has several positive side-effects: first, it provides anunimpaired visual amenity; second, it offers tourist and economic benefits by improving the surfing. A physicaland numerical study has been undertaken to investigate the influence of the length and submergence of the reef.Preliminary conclusions on the length of the reef suggest that it should be 0.5 times the wave length at the startof the reef, and regarding the submergence they indicate that a value smaller than the offshore wave height isnecessary to get a surfable wave for a reef slope of 1:10.

The aims of this project are to study the wave dynamics, formation mechanisms and statisticalproperties of extreme and rogue waves on the water surface. Bimodal/crossing seas cangenerate extreme and rogue wave events and are relatively common in the open ocean. Aseries of experiments was carried out in the Marintek Ocean Basin in Trondheim underconditions close to those found in the open sea. Rogue waves, i.e. events with crests largerthan or equal to five times the standard deviation or wave heights larger than or equal to twicethe significant wave height, were observed in each test. The mean height of the highest wavesincreased with increasing record length and increasing kurtosis. For the bimodal/crossingconditions there was little difference between the observed values of kurtosis and an empiricalestimate, particularly if the effect of bound waves are included.

In order to provide new insight into the flow and forces around a submarine outfall, 3D testswere performed in the DHI Shallow Water Basin with different outfall geometries (with andwithout stabilizing concrete weights), different wave obliquities (90º, 30º and 10º) anddifferent pipe distances from the bottom. The tests were carried out in the subcritical flowregime. The collected data provide new understanding of the importance of the wave obliquityin the forces on the outfall, especially for small values, where there are no available data.Moreover, for the case with the pipe stabilized by concrete weights, where almost noinformation is available, the influence on the forces of the wave obliquity and of the pipedistance from the bottom are analyzed, giving important indications to the design project.

Marine structures built on muddy soils, such as breakwaters and submarine outfalls, are subject to settlement, scour and liquefaction and the mechanics of these processes are still uncertain. The aim of the present experimental study is to investigate stability of submarine outfalls in low quality soil. Physical modeling, carried out in the wave flume at UNAM, Mexico, is described and the results are presented and discussed. Tests were performed for different wave conditions (wave heights and periods), different soil characteristics (several mixtures of kaolinite and sand) and three structural layouts: the pipe resting on the soil, the pipe partially buried and a totally buried pipe.The pore pressure for different positions on the soil and the movements of the pipes were measured, together with surface elevation along the flume.

The present work focuses on the comparison between different types of data analysis (time analysis; Fourier transform spectral analysis; wavelet transform spectral analysis; and hodograph representation) applied to Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) records of wave orbital velocities. Different wave conditions (monochromatic, bichromatic and irregular) have been tested, for the general purpose of experimentally investigating wave shoaling and breaking over a gentle slope. The analysis of the velocity data, through these methodologies, illustrates other relevant phenomena occurring in the wave propagation, which cannot be depicted by the usual wave gauges. Each of these techniques has advantages and drawbacks,and so they should be complementary.

Os modelos SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics), baseados na formulação Lagrangiana dasequações da Dinâmica dos Fluidos, são uma opção atractiva para modelar escoamentos com superfície livre, poisnão necessitam de malha computacional, permitindo modelar fenómenos complexos, como a rebentação de ondase o galgamento. Neste trabalho apresenta-se o modelo numérico SPHyCE em desenvolvimento no LNEC e a suaaplicação à determinação do galgamento no quebra-mar poente do Porto de Pesca de Albufeira (Algarve), no qualforam realizadas as primeiras campanhas de medição de galgamento num quebra-mar em Portugal no âmbito doprojecto SPACE (Desenvolvimento e validação de um modelo SPH para aplicações a estruturas costeiras).Apresenta-se a metodologia de acoplamento dos modelos SWAN, Bouss2D e SPHyCE, para modelar apropagação das ondas do largo até ao quebra-mar, assim como as campanhas de campo. São analisados ecomparados os galgamentos obtidos com o modelo numérico e os medidos.

A zona de Diogo Lopes, situada no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, foi alvo devários estudos interdisciplinares, que incluíram a caracterização da agitação marítima ao longodesta costa (Ângelo et al. 2012, Matos et al. 2013). Esta é dominada por um regime de alternânciade brisa marítima e terrestre que colocou certas dificuldades. Para obviar a estas, recorre-se,novamente, ao modelo SWAN para a simulação do estado de mar, mas com um domínio decálculo alargado, um campo de ventos, obtido na estação meteorológica de Macau, diferente ecom a introdução da interacção das ondas e correntes. Estas são provenientes do modelohidrodinâmico SISBAHIA desenvolvido na referida Universidade. O forçamento ao largo é obtidorecorrendo ao modelo Wavewatch III. Para a verificação das simulações, utilizaram-se mediçõesde sensores AWAC para o período de 11 a 12 de Dezembro de 2010, em dois pontos distintos damalha computacional.

Os modelos Lagrangianos de tipo Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) apresentam-se como uma alternativa interessante para modelar a interação entre ondas e estruturas costeiras e marítimas. Estes modelos permitem representar corretamente a física dos fenômenos. No entanto, como qualquer modelo numérico, a precisão dos resultados depende fortemente da resolução, i.e. da dimensão das partículas. O estudo de análise da convergência com a resolução, para a elevação da superfície livre e o galgamento, mostra assim que a convergência é obtida para resoluções diferentes em função do tipo de fenômeno analisado e para resoluções mais finas quando a não-linearidade dos fenômenos aumenta. Os resultados numéricos foram comparados com os dados experimentais obtidos em canal de ondas evidenciando a convergência quer da elevação de superfície livre quer do galgamento com a resolução.

A geração e propagação de ondas de vento em lagos de barragens de grande dimensãopode por em causa a segurança da navegação interior bem como contribuir para aocorrência de fenómenos erosivos nas margens desses lagos. É, por isso, muito importantea correta estimação dessas ondas de vento e o desenvolvimento de metodologias eferramentas capazes de promover a sua monitorização e a previsão atempada dessasondas de modo a minimizar as suas consequências do ponto de vista económico eambiental.É, neste âmbito, que se insere o trabalho que está a ser desenvolvido para o lago dabarragem de Ilha Solteira no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, onde um vasto conjunto de dadosin situ (ventos, ondas, correntes e sedimentos) está a ser coletado desde 2007 assim comose iniciaram as aplicações de modelos numéricos de geração e propagação de ondas.Nesta comunicação, apresenta-se a comparação das estimativas produzidas pelo modelonumérico SWAN, utilizando a caracterização do vento obtida a partir do Anemómetro 2Dsônico instalado no lago da barragem de Ilha Solteira, com as medições da elevação dasuperfície livre obtidas com o sensor de pressão instalado a 1 m da superfície e 8 m deprofundidade local para um período de 2 meses (janeiro e fevereiro de 2011).As comparações efectuadas mostram a capacidade do modelo SWAN em reproduzirglobalmente as características de agitação verificadas no lago em função da boaconcordância entre os valores experimentais e os resultados do modelo numérico, onde em97% dos casos se obteve um índice de concordância (IC) de 73%.

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C2IMPRESS is a multi-disciplinary project which aims to enhance understanding and public awareness on multi-hazard risk, based on innovative models, methods, frameworks, tools and technologies to develop decision-making platforms with a fine-grained spatio-temporal data to better assess impacts, vulnerability and resilience on natural hazards. This Report is the Deliverable 1.1 and belongs to Work Package 1, which is mainly addressed to identify the past climate and physical processes that underlie natural disaster events and their consequences

A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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