Publicações

The Port of Sines is located on the west coast of Portugal, sheltered by two breakwaters: thewest and the east breakwaters (Figure 1). Originally, the west breakwater was 2 km long indepths up to 50 m, protected by two armour layers of 400 kN dolosse on a 1:1.5 slope(Mettam, 1976). In February 1978, immediately after breakwater construction, a storm, with asignificant wave height of 8 m, damaged the breakwater armour layer in four different areas.One year later, a more severe storm caused failure of almost the entire armour layer andsuperstructure, leading to urgent repair works during the 1980s. The last rehabilitation workswere concluded in 1992.

O conhecimento da agitação marítima é fundamental para o planeamento de intervenções e estudos costeiros, para simular os possíveis impactos ambientais de obras de engenharia e para a definição de procedimentos em situações de emergência. Os modelos numéricos de propagação de ondas, devido à sua rapidez, flexibilidade e gama de aplicação, contribuem de forma importante para os estudos costeiros. Apesar destas qualidades permitirem a simulação de diversos cenários de forma simplificada, os modelos exigem a utilização de grandes quantidades de dados e originam também grandes quantidades de resultados para cada caso em estudo.Os sistemas de informação geográfica permitem a organização e interpretação de grandes quantidades de informação, mostrando de forma rápida os padrões e tendências principais em qualquer processo de tomada de decisão.Neste âmbito tem vindo a ser desenvolvido o sistema GUIOMAR: Geo(Graphical) User Interface for cOastal and MARine modeling, um sistema integrado para a modelação da agitação marítima, aplicado à zona costeira portuguesa e que inclui todas as funcionalidades de um SIG.A versão actual do sistema foi desenvolvida em linguagem VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) para o ArcGIS9.0TM. O sistema GUIOMAR tem 3 componentes principais: (i) um software comercial de SIG; (ii) uma interface com o utilizador que é responsável pela comunicação entre o utilizador e o sistema; (iii) um conjunto de modelos de propagação de ondas, com diferentes domínios de aplicação: REF/DIF 1(Dalrymple e Kirby, 1991), REF/DIF S(Kirby e Ozkan, 1994), FUNWAVE 1D e 2D (Kirby et al., 1998), DREAMS (Fortes, 2002) e SWAN (Booij et al., 1999); Inclui também um programa de construção de malhas não estruturadas para os modelos numéricos, GMALHA (Pinheiro et al., 2006).O trabalho apresenta numa aplicação do sistema GUIOMAR ao Porto de Sines na qual foram testados os desenvolvimentos mais recentes do sistema, como é o caso da acoplagem dos modelos de propagação de ondas DREAMS e SWAN através da interface do GUIOMAR. Para tal, foi efectuada uma caracterização intensiva do Porto de Sines para o cálculo dos coeficientes de reflexão a aplicar no modelo DREAMS. O resultado final deste trabalho foi a caracterização do regime de agitação marítima dentro e fora do porto de Sines através da utilização dos procedimentos implementados no sistema GUIOMAR.

GUIOMAR is an integrated system for coastal engineering modeling, developed with a commercial software of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This system allows the utilization of both wave propagation models and of all the functionalities that are inherent to the GIS software, and it is being designed to help in the decision making process in coastal areas. GUIOMAR system is composed of three main components: a GIS commercial software, a set of modules/models of wave propagation and other pre and post processing algorithms programmed in FORTRANTM, and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed in VBA for ArcGISTM, which is responsible for the communication between the user and the system. At the moment, are available six wave propagation models and a program that automatically generates unstructured grids for the numerical models. In this paper, GUIOMAR structure and a general overview of its interface are presented. In order to achieve important information about the system operability, a test was made for an important Portuguese harbor. Sines harbor, at the southeast of Europe, 37º 57

This paper describes the implementation of a new boundary conditions in the BOUSSIIW model (BOUSSinesq model with Internal Irregular Wave generation). BOUSSIIW is a finite element numerical model for wave propagation in near shore regions that is able to describe the wave field outside and inside harbours and sheltered zones. It is based upon the extended Boussinesq equation derived by Nwogu. These equations describe the nonlinear evolution of waves over a sloping impermeable bottom and are able to reproduce some of the most important physical effects associated with the nonlinear wave transformation in near shore regions. Their range of validity extends from shallow up to intermediate water depths. Monochromatic and irregular waves can be generated by the model using the source function method. The two boundary conditions available were full reflection or full absorption. A new partial reflection boundary condition is implemented. The model is validated with a simple test case. Reflection coefficients obtained with BOUSSIIW were compared to widely used empirical formula, enabling the assessment of the new condition

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This paper presents the results of the study performed for estimating the run-up and flood levelsin a stretch of Vale do Lobo beach, located at Loulé Municipality, in the Algarve region.The study started by defining the offshore wave conditions in the area, based upon data collectedduring 1991 by the Portuguese Hydrographic Institute with a directional wave-buoy located atFaro. These conditions were then transferred to the vicinity of Vale do Lobo beach by using theGUIOMAR system, namely its SWAN module. GUIOMAR is an integrated system for modellingwave propagation in coastal engineering studies. It is currently being developed to providesupport for a sustainable planning and management of the costal area.Two empirical formulations were applied for estimating the run-up at Vale do Lobo beach during1991: one based on field data and the other based on physical model tests. Two water levelswere considered and a sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the differences betweenthe two formulations and the impact of some of the parameters on the end results. The floodlevels were also estimated.

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of 2-D wave diffraction by a fixed horizontal-axis submergedcircular cylinder. The objective of the paper is to report and validate results from the fully nonlinear 2-D boundary-elementmethod code CANAL; to assess the capability of the physical wave flume and the measurement methodology to study thistype of problem; and to contribute to the understanding of the wave diffraction by a circular cylinder. Two test cases arepresented, both in deep-water conditions. The cylinder axis submergence is 1^5r (r is the cylinder radius) for the first case,and 3r for the second, the latter corresponding to the experimental study presented in the paper. A discretization convergenceevaluation is also presented for the second case. The good agreement between the numerical and the experimental resultsproves that this numerical model is able to accurately simulate this type of problems. No reflection was noticed on the incidentwave side of the cylinder. It was found that nonlinear resonant interactions occur between the fundamental frequency andthe harmonics on the transmitted wave side of the cylinder. Free waves were observed on this part of the wave flume.

This paper describes the application of the Boussinesq model (FUNWAVE 2D) to study the wave propagation inthe vicinity of an artificial reef, to be implemented at S. Pedro do Estoril, Cascais, Portugal. First, the model wascalibrated using measurements obtained in the 3D experiments performed at the wave tank of LNEC (scale1:30). Then, an evaluation of the model performance is presented. For that, a comparison between numerical andphysical model results in terms of the free surface elevation and wave heights is done for some incident waveconditions. It is shown that the numerical model predicts wave heights that are comparable to measurements ifthe wave breaking sub-model is properly tuned for dissipation over the artificial reef.Finally, the model was used to evaluate the reef performance in terms of the hydrodynamics around the reef, thewave breaking area and the surfability parameters.The numerical results confirm that the reef alters significantly the wave heights and wave directions in the zone,due refraction and diffraction effects. Best surf conditions (plunging waves with adequate values of the peelangle) occur with the reef for most of the tested conditions.

Portugal is one of many countries in the world to suffer from coastal erosion. Conventional ways of protecting acoastline appear to entail some disadvantages. An innovative and interesting way of protecting a local coastalzone by means of multi-functional artificial reefs avoids some of them. A multi-functional artificial reef is asubmerged breakwater which protects the local coastline and may also enhance the surfing possibilities and theenvironmental value of the local area. The structure has several positive side-effects: first, it provides anunimpaired visual amenity; second, it offers tourist and economic benefits by improving the surfing. A physicaland numerical study has been undertaken to investigate the influence of the length and submergence of the reef.Preliminary conclusions on the length of the reef suggest that it should be 0.5 times the wave length at the startof the reef, and regarding the submergence they indicate that a value smaller than the offshore wave height isnecessary to get a surfable wave for a reef slope of 1:10.

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O sistema integrado para a simulação da agitação marítima em zonas portuárias e costeiras, GUIOMAR, foi desenvolvido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) com base no software comercial de Informação Geográfica, ArcGISTM. Neste trabalho descreve-se a aplicação deste sistema na avaliação do risco para a navegação em zonas portuárias.Criou-se um conjunto de procedimentos automáticos que implementam uma metodologia de avaliação do risco para a navegação, com base na altura do movimento vertical de um navio induzida pela agitação marítima incidente ao longo da sua trajectória. Nesta metodologia considera- -se o grau de risco como o produto do grau atribuído à probabilidade de ocorrência de movimentos verticais que ultrapassam um limiar pré-estabelecido pelo grau atribuído às consequências dessa excedência.A metodologia foi testada no porto da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira, Açores. Assim, partindo das características da agitação marítima previstas no interior do porto com recurso aos modelos numéricos de propagação de ondas (SWAN e DREAMS), para o ano de 2009, determinaram-se as correspondentes alturas significativas dos movimentos verticais do N/M Fernão Gomes, utilizando a função de transferência definida com o modelo WAMIT, para duas trajectórias de entrada ao porto. A aplicação desta nova metodologia considerando as alturas significativas dos movimentos verticais obtidos e um limiar pré-estabelecido (0.5 m) permitiu construir mapas de risco ao longo das duas trajectórias do navio no interior do porto .Este trabalho constitui mais um passo na criação de um sistema de suporte à decisão para a navegação portuária

Sea waves can pose significant problems to port infrastructures and activities. Hence the importanceof correctly predict and characterize the wave field inside ports, more precisely on navigation routesand berthing locations. This paper describes the numerical model BOUSS3W, a finite element model for nonlinearwave propagation near shore and wave penetration in harbors. This model is also able to perform resonancestudies in harbors. It is based upon an extended version of Boussinesq equations. Terms were added togenerate regular or irregular waves inside the numerical domain, absorb outgoing waves, partially reflectwaves at physical boundaries, control numerical instabilities and reproduce energy dissipation due to bottomfriction and wave breaking. Implementation of partial reflection, bottom friction and wave breaking are describedand applications to real and experimental test cases are presented, namely, Vila do Porto Harbor. Resultsare compared with physical model tests and other numerical models.

Wave breaking has different physics from the potential flow wave motion. The roller model introduced by Svendsen [1] illustrates the separation of the wave motion and the roller. The roller propagation speed, therefore, is a very important factor for the energy calculation of the bore.The wave celerity data collected at the wave tank displays that the maximum roller propagation speed occurs when the wave has already decayed due to the breaking. This fact clearly displays that the bore energy cannot be calculated only from the wave height as it is done for non-breaking waves.It is certain that most the energy is dissipated through the roller formation in the outer surfzone, but a certain amount of energy is transferred to the roller at the same time and it accelerates the bore speed. Slow decay of the roller propagation speed indicates that the excess energy left in the roller dissipates in the inner surfzone at much slower rate than in the outer surfzone. Therefore, these two zones have to be clearly separated, but the amount of energy transferred into the roller is unknown.In this paper, we focus on the examination of the peak roller propagation speed that appears at the border of the outer and the inner surfzone by using the experimental data collected at the wave tank. In that way, the initial condition of roller propagation speed can be determined for the inner surfzone. The energy conservation between the wave motion and the roller kinetic energy derives an equation to calculate the roller propagation speed. The energy transfer rate is estimated by adjusting the value given by the full energy conversion with the observed roller propagation speed. It is found that about half of the energy is transferred into the roller. The model successfully illustrates the peak bore propagation speed which existing formulae cannot explain.

This paper describes the in-situ measurements and the application of two wind wave generatednumerical models (SWAN and OndisaCaD) to the reservoir of Ilha Solteira dam in order tosimulate the wind waves generation and propagation in that reservoir. A comparison betweennumerical results for selected wind conditions (highest average wind speed and the highestwind speed) is made and discussed. SWAN is also applied to the wind conditions observedduring a six month period. This work permits to evaluate the performance of the numericalmodels and its adequacy to characterize the wind generated waves at that region.

Nesta comunicação descreve-se uma ferramenta numérica capaz de caracterizar a respostadum navio amarrado no interior dum porto sujeito à acção da agitação marítima.Para este efeito utilizam-se previsões de estados de mar ao largo do porto em questão que sãopropagados para o seu interior com um modelo numérico do tipo Boussinesq capaz de simularefeitos complexos como a refracção, difracção, reflexão parcial, interacções não lineares,dissipação de energia devida ao atrito de fundo e rebentação das ondas. O modelo é o BOUSSWMH(BOUSSinesq Wave Model for Harbours, Pinheiro et al. (2011), e permite uma descriçãoprecisa da evolução de estados de mar reais em zonas abrigadas de profundidade variável.As interacções entre ondas e estruturas flutuantes são modeladas com recurso ao pacoteMOORNAV, Santos 1994 que utiliza dois modelos: WAMIT (Korsemeyer et al., 1988) quedetermina com o método dos painéis a resposta do navio livre sujeito a ondas monocromáticasunidireccionais; e BAS (Mynett et al. 1985) que monta e resolve, no domínio do tempo, asequações de movimento de um navio amarrado no posto de acostagem levando em conta asséries temporais das forças devidas às ondas incidentes no navio, as funções de resposta aimpulso do navio e as relações constitutivas dos elementos do sistema de amarração.Descrevem-se os modelos numéricos BOUSS-WMH, WAMIT e BAS e a forma como osresultados são transferidos entre eles e apresenta-se uma aplicação desta ferramenta integradaa um navio amarrado num porto esquemático sujeito a quatro estados de mar diferentes.

Esta comunicação descreve a implementação da formulação da dissipação deenergia por rebentação da onda no modelo de elementos finitos BOUSS3W e respectivavalidação. Este modelo de elementos finitos é baseado nas equações de Boussinesqestendidas deduzidas por Nwogu válidas desde águas de profundidade intermédia a águaspouco profundas. O modelo permite simular a propagação não linear e dispersiva deondas regulares ou irregulares tendo em conta alguns dos fenómenos mais importantespresentes nas regiões costeiras. A implementação da rebentação da onda no modeloBOUSS3W é efectuada através da inclusão de termos de viscosidade turbulenta nasequações de conservação da quantidade de movimento, que é dependente de um conjuntode parâmetros relacionados com o início, fim e duração da rebentação, que têm de sercalibrados para cada caso de estudo. A validação da implementação da rebentação foiefectuada recorrendo a casos de propagação e rebentação de ondas regulares embatimetrias de complexidade diferente (perfis de praia de inclinação constante e do tipobarra-fossa). Para estes casos, existem resultados experimentais, considerando diferentescondições de agitação. É realizada uma análise estatística de modo a caracterizar odesempenho do modelo e a sua capacidade na simulação da rebentação e dos efeitos nãolineares.

Desde 2007, o modelo SPHysics tem vindo a ser estudado, desenvolvido e utilizado noLaboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), com o objectivo de verificar a suaaplicabilidade a estudos de interacção onda-estrutura. Para continuar o seu desenvolvimento, omodelo necessita de ser validado de forma a se dispor de uma ferramenta útil.Para tal, iniciou-se recentemente o projecto de investigação

The present paper gives a general overview of the large-scale physicalmodel experiments performed at the LIM/UPC in Barcelona, within the EU-HydralabIII Integrated Infrastructure Initiative. The model tests have been carried out in a flumewith a sandy dune exposed to a combination of water levels and wave conditions. Differentregimes of wave attacks on the sandy beach/dune system have been investigated.In particular, the study provides a unique set of large-scale physical data concerningthe wave-induced dune overwash. Measurements of hydrodynamics, sediment concentrationsand beach-dune profile evolution have been carried out. Profile measurementshave been used to calibrate and validate a numerical model (Kobayashi et al. 2007) topredict beach-dune profile modifications over the near-shore region. The numericalmodel is shown to be in agreement with the experimental data.

As equações não lineares de declive suave dependente do tempo são estendidasde forma a incluírem dissipação de energia por rebentação, através da consideração dastensões de Reynolds na equação da conservação da quantidade de movimento e dadedução de uma nova equação não linear de declive suave dependente do tempo. Omodelo apresentado neste trabalho é aplicado a um conjunto de ensaios em modelo físico,referentes à propagação e rebentação das ondas em praias de declive constante Os testesefectuados permitiram seleccionar o critério de rebentação e definir regras para adeterminação dos valores para as condições críticas de início e de fim da rebentação,calibrar o valor a atribuir à constante dos termos dissipativos e definir regras para a suadefinição, assim como para avaliar o desempenho do modelo. Foram obtidos bonsresultados, embora o empolamento da onda tenha sido subestimado. Verificou-se umaestreita relação entre o valor a utilizar para a condição crítica de início da rebentação ea declividade da onda à entrada do domínio de cálculo, e entre o valor da constante dostermos dissipativos e o número de Ursell à entrada do domínio

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C2IMPRESS is a multi-disciplinary project which aims to enhance understanding and public awareness on multi-hazard risk, based on innovative models, methods, frameworks, tools and technologies to develop decision-making platforms with a fine-grained spatio-temporal data to better assess impacts, vulnerability and resilience on natural hazards. This Report is the Deliverable 1.1 and belongs to Work Package 1, which is mainly addressed to identify the past climate and physical processes that underlie natural disaster events and their consequences

A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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