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Beaches combined with sloping structures are frequently the frst element of defense to protect urban areas from the impact of extreme coastal fooding events. However, these structures are rarely designed for null wave overtopping discharges, accepting that waves can pass above the crest and threat exposed elements in hinterland areas, such as pedestrians, urban elements and buildings, and vehicles. To reduce risks, Early Warning Systems (EWSs) can be used to anticipate and minimize the impacts of fooding episodes on those elements. A key aspect of these systems is the defnition of non-admissible discharge levels that trigger signifcant impacts. However, large discrepancies in defning these discharge levels and the associated impacts are found among the existing methods to assess foodings. Due to the lack of standardization, a new conceptual and quantitative four-level (from no-impact to high-impact) categorization of food warnings (EW-Coast) is proposed. EW-Coast integrates and unifes previous methods and builds on them by incorporating feld-based information. Thus, the new categorization successfully predicted the impact level on 70%, 82%, and 85% of the overtopping episodes afecting pedestrians, urban elements and buildings, and vehicles, respectively. This demonstrates its suitability to support EWSs in areas vulnerable to wave-induced fooding.

During physical scale model tests of rubble mound breakwaters, the assessment of the eroded volume of the armour layer subjected to incident sea waves can be determined from consecutive surveys of the surface of the armour layer after each test run. This enables one to assess the damage level of the struc ture by comparing erosion profiles and by the eroded volume between consecutive surveys of the tested section. The present study aimed to evaluate the damage evolu tion of a section of the Peniche harbour west breakwater, whose armour layer is made of tetrapods, A dimensionless damage parameter was computed, based on the eroded volume at the end of each test. The test program consisted of three test series (A, B and C) with different durations and wave conditions sequences, considering the low-water level (water depth of 0.20 m at the toe of the structure) and high-water level (0.24 m) and sea states with peak periods Tp = 1.70 s and Tp = 1.98 s and significant wave heights, Hm0, ranging between 0.12 m and 0.19 m. The model was built and operated according to Froude

Melby presents a formula to predict damage evolution in rubble-mound breakwaterswhose armour layer is made of rock, based on the erosion measured in scale-model tests and thecharacteristics of the incident sea waves in such tests. However, this formula is only valid for armourlayers made of rock and for the range of tested sea states. The present work aims to show howthe Melby methodology can be used to establish a similar formula for the armour layer damageevolution in a rubble-mound breakwater where tetrapods are employed. For that, a long-durationtest series is conducted with a 1:50 scale model of the quay section of the Ericeira Harbour breakwater.The eroded volume of the armour layer was measured using a Kinect position sensor. The damageparameter values measured in the experiments are lower than those predicted by the formulationfor rock armour layers. New ap and b coefficients for the Melby formula for the tested armour layerwere established based on the minimum root mean square error between the measured and thepredicted damage. This work shows also that it is possible to assess the damage evolution in scale model tests with rubble-mound breakwaters by computing the eroded volume and subsequently, thedimensionless damage parameter based on the equivalent removed armour units.

The objective of this work is the comparison of two methodologies used for run-up measurements in a two-dimensional physical model, which represented the protection breakwaters of the Peniche and Ericeira

Coastal flooding prediction systems can be an efficient risk-reduction instrument. The goal of this study was to design, build, test, and implement a wave-induced flooding early warning system in urban areas fronted by sandy beaches. The system utilizes a novel approach that combines Bayesian Networks and numerical models (SWAN + XBeach) and was developed in two phases. In the development phase, firstly, the learning information was generated including the creation of oceanic conditions, modeling overtopping discharges, the haracterization of the associated im pacts (no, low, moderate and high) in pedestrians, urban components and buildings, and vehicles, and secondly, the Bayesian Networks were designed that surrogated the previously generated information. After their training, the conditional probability tables were created representing the foundation to make predictions in the operational phase. This methodology was validated for several historical events which hit the study area (Praia de Faro, Portugal), and the system correctly predicted the impact level of around 80% of the cases. Also, the predictive skills varied depending on the level, with the no and high impact levels overcoming the intermediate levels. In terms of efficiency, one simulation (deterministic) of coastal flooding for 72 h by running SWAN + XBeach operationally would take more than two days on a one-logical processor workstation, while the current approach can provide quasi-instantaneously predictions for that period, including probability distributions. Moreover, the two-working phase approach is very flexible enabling the inclusion of additional features such as social components representing a powerful tool for risk reduction in coastal communities.

A avaliação do dano causado pela agitação incidente em modelos físicos de quebra mares de taludes pode ser realizada comparando volumes e profundidades erodidas entre levantamentos consecutivos de cada talude.Atualmente, estes levantamentos podem ser realizados de forma não intrusiva, recorrendo a técnicas fotogramétricas, a laser scan ou a sensores de posição baseados na metolodologia Time of Flight (ToF). Dependendo das condições de levantamento e da metodologia de pós-processamento das nuvens de pontos obtidas, estas técnicas permitem obter modelos tridimensionais de superfície, com elevada precisão.Em detalhe, as diferenças de volume entre os levantamentos inicial e

SAFEPORT safety system aims to daily reports to the Sines harbor administration, potential emergency situations regarding ships

Early warning systems are an important tool for local authorities to detect emergency situations in advance and initiate the necessary safety measure. These systems often depend on numerical models to estimate wave overtopping in the affected areas. The SWASH model has shown to deliver good results in recent overtopping studies. The To-SEAlert project has the aim of increasing the efficiency, robustness and reliability of the HIDRALERTA early warning system. This study shows a first intent to implement the SWASH model to simulate wave overtopping for the Ericeira prototype. SWASH was implemented for one breakwater profile used to simulate the overtopping discharge and evaluate the associated risk levels. It was compared to the current approach used in HIDRALERTA, which resorts to a neural network trained with a physical modeling database, NN_OVERTOPPING2. Finally, both approaches were compared with previously analyzed video images of the breakwater. The results showed that SWASH generally overestimates overtopping and is not in good agreement with the video images. NN_OVERTOPPING2 has a better agreement with the video images. A possible reason for the overestimation might be the wave direction, which cannot be included in one-dimensional simulations in SWASH.

An aerial monitoring system was developed for the maritime structures that protect the foundation columns of the Madeira Island Airport runway infrastructure, in the scope of the research project MEGE, to complement the already existing monitoring program of visual observations. For the aerial monitoring of the berm breakwater, with about 770 m in length, a fast data acquisition system was envisaged. Imaging techniques acquired through a high-resolution camera coupled to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) were used, which allowed for a very fast and efficient automated procedure, compatible with the difficult accessibility to the structure on the seaside. Point clouds corresponding to the breakwater geometry were obtained from the set of aerial images from the camera on board of the UAV, using photogrammetric techniques. In this paper, the two complementary parts of the monitoring of this structure are described and some results are presented.

The disruption of port operations, whether due to technical issues or external factors, can have asignificant impact on the port

No âmbito do projecto de investigação Destaq (Desenvolvimento de Técnicas Avançadas demedição de velocidades para o estudo da interacção entre Quebramares destacados e obrasportuárias)1, pretende-se estudar o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um quebra-mar submersona vizinhança de uma obra portuária a defender. Este estudo contempla quer a realização deensaios em canal na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, quer a aplicação demodelos numéricos pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil.A modelação numérica é efectuada com recurso a dois programas: o AMAZON2 que se baseianas equações NLSW e o IH-2VOF3 que se baseia nas equações RANS.Nesta comunicação, apresenta-se a metodologia que está a ser usada para analisar asensibilidade dos resultados obtidos pelo modelo IH-2VOF às características dos meiosporosos, que deverão ser calibrados, quer do quebra-mar Norte do porto de Leixões, quer doquebra-mar submerso proposto para mitigar alguns problemas operacionais aí existentes.

Esta comunicação apresenta uma perspectiva histórica do projecto, construção, colapso ereabilitação do molhe Oeste do Porto de Sines, bem como dos estudos de galgamento emmodelo físico efectuados para avaliar a eficácia das diferentes soluções propostas ao longo dosanos para a sua reabilitação.Apresenta ainda três soluções propostas para a reabilitação final do molhe e os respectivosensaios em modelo físico, realizados em 2008 no LNEC. O estudo do galgamento destassoluções é complementado pela aplicação das metodologias recomendadas pelo actual manualde galgamentos (redes neuronais e fórmulas empíricas) e pela aplicação da nova versão domodelo numérico não linear de águas pouco profundas, AMAZON.Existe uma boa concordância entre os dados do modelo físico e os resultados do AMAZON,apesar de este modelo mostrar uma tendência para sobrestimar os caudais médios degalgamento. A NN_OVERTOPPING, baseada na análise de redes neuronais, não apresentauma concordância tão nítida com os resultados do modelo físico, para além de mostrar umatendência para a subestimação dos caudais. As fórmulas empíricas sobrestimamsignificativamente os caudais.

A Secção de Hidráulica (SH) do Laboratório Engenharia Civil iniciou a sua actividade em 1948,tendo-se dedicado quase imediatamente à realização de estudos de hidráulica marítima emmodelo físico reduzido e tendo como precursores nomes que vieram a ficar intimamenteligados ao tema.Desde então e até aos tempos actuais, a realização deste tipo de estudos tem vindo a revestir--se de uma importância vital como ferramenta útil no projecto das obras, contribuindo, destaforma, para o êxito de empreendimentos realizados um pouco por todo o mundo, com especialênfase, obviamente, para os implementados em território nacional.Esta comunicação pretende dar uma noção desses contributos, realçando estudosemblemáticos ou de maior relevo realizados até à actualidade, ao mesmo tempo que seapresentam as dificuldades sentidas no passado, no presente e as que deverão vir a sentir-seno futuro, não deixando de referir o contributo da evolução tecnológica para a optimização darealização deste tipo de estudos.

This paper describes the implementation and validation in the BOUSS-WMHnumerical model of a new trigger mechanism for the initiation and termination of wavebreaking. The initial approach is based on the vertical acceleration of the free surfaceelevation while the new approach is based on the Relative Trough Froude Number (RTFN).With either method an additional momentum term is introduced to describe the energydissipation due to wave breaking using an eddy viscosity model.

O projecto convencional de emissários submarinos, que inclui concepção, dimensionamento,construção, exploração, manutenção e reparação, não se baseia numa avaliação de riscosexplícita e sistemática e os métodos de dimensionamento destas estruturas são de naturezadeterminística. No entanto, o projecto destas obras é muito complexo, dispendioso e estão-lheassociadas inúmeras incertezas relacionadas, por exemplo, com o carácter aleatório dassolicitações actuantes (e.g. ondas, correntes), os modelos utilizados para representar arealidade (e.g. modelos físicos/numéricos), etc.Como tal, é necessário que se utilizem metodologias que permitam considerar a aleatoriedadee as incertezas existentes e incorporar o máximo de conhecimento e de dados disponíveis, eque possibilitem uma gestão dos riscos associados e permitam optimizar o custo do projecto.Uma abordagem de gestão de riscos, baseada em métodos probabilísticos e de optimização(que entram em linha de conta com a probabilidade de falha das estruturas e suasconsequências), dá resposta a estas necessidades, sendo o objecto do presente estudo.Pretende-se assim: (1) a realização de um inventário de riscos associado com o projecto deemissários e identificação do modo de falha destas estruturas; (2) estabelecimento de umametodologia para aplicar técnicas probabilísticas e de optimização ao projecto; e (3)desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para o dimensionamento probabilístico eoptimizado das estruturas, que resultará num conjunto de recomendações a ser aplicado aestes projectos.A metodologia utilizada no presente estudo baseia-se nas Recomendações da ROM 0.0(2002), onde estão classificadas as estruturas marítimas em termos da sua natureza intrínsecageral e operacional, avaliando-se as consequências económicas, sociais e ambientais em casode falha grave ou paragem operativa.

Of all the sanitation infra-structures used nowadays, those encountered in the final stepof the effluent treatment are of special importance mostly in countries where thecoastline is extensively developed for housing, industry and other purposes, beingalmost inevitable that the chosen places for the final effluent disposal will be the sea andthe estuaries.Reality has revealed the existence of gaps in experience, information and means to carryout this type of structures in the best possible conditions. Reported accidents with suchinstallations, including accidents in Portugal, highlighted that their good workingconditions are of mandatory importance to the environment, population

No interior de um porto, a agitação marítima pode originar movimentos verticaisde grande amplitude nos navios em manobra levando ao encalhe ou mesmo ao naufrágiodesses navios, dependendo dos fundos do porto e da sua capacidade para danificar o cascodo navio. Considerando linear a interacção do navio com as ondas, é possível, partindo dafunção resposta em frequência do navio, definida como a amplitude do movimento verticalestacionário de um ponto seleccionado no navio sujeito a ondas monocromáticas, determinaro espectro da resposta do navio a partir do espectro da agitação incidente no navio. A mesmaassumpção de linearidade permite levar em conta a velocidade não nula do avanço do naviomodificando a frequência de encontro de cada uma das componentes do espectro.Nesta comunicação, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos com a modelação numérica dainteracção da agitação incidente na entrada do porto da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira,Açores, com o

Numerical modeling of the interaction among waves and coastal structures is a challenge due to the many nonlinear phenomena involved, such as, wave propagation, wave transformation with water depth, interaction among incident and reflected waves, run-up / run-down and wave overtopping. Numerical models based on Lagrangian formulation, like SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics), allow simulating complex free surface flows. The validation of these numerical models is essential, but comparing numerical results with experimental data is not an easy task. In the present paper, two SPH numerical models, SPHysicsLNEC and SPHUNESP, are validated comparing the numerical results of waves interacting with a vertical breakwater, with data obtained in physical model tests made in one of the LNEC

In this paper, a methodology to assess the risk associated with wave overtopping in port areasis presented. The methodology is implemented in the GUIOMAR system, which is an integratedsystem for port and coastal engineering modelling, developed in a GIS commercial software.The overtopping determination is performed by using empirical tools. To assess the risk ofovertopping, the combination of the probability of occurrence of an event of wave overtoppingand of the consequences of that occurrence is considered. The paper illustrates the applicationof this methodology to the Port of Praia da Vitória, at the Terceira Island, Azores Archipelago,considering the sea-wave conditions between 2009 and 2010.

O litoral norte do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, situado na região nordeste do Brasil,concentra importantes atividades de exploração de petróleo e gás natural, indústria de sal,carcinicultura e pesca, além de outras atividades de menos escala. A indústria em particular,concentra-se em áreas offshore e instaladas em águas rasas, entre as cotas de 6 a 30 metrosde profundidades. Nesta região a dinâmica costeira é intensa, principalmente pela ação dasondas, correntes e marés que interagem sobre importantes ambientes ali presentes.Atualmente, a região vem sendo alvo de muitos estudos interdisciplinares, entre eles, osvoltadas para entendimentos dos processos dominadas por ondas. Essencialmente, nosestudos relacionados às ondas, correntes e marés, são importantes para a caracterização daagitação marítima do litoral. Nesta comunicação, descreve-se as medições hidrodinâmicas:ondas, efectuadas na região e uma aplicação do modelo SWAN à zona marítima na costa nortedo Rio Grande do Norte na região adjacente do estuário de Diogo Lopes, entre os municípiosde Macau e Guamaré. Os resultados numéricos são comparados com os dados obtidos emcampanhas de medições in situ de modo a avaliar o desempenho do modelo SWAN para aregião.

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C2IMPRESS is a multi-disciplinary project which aims to enhance understanding and public awareness on multi-hazard risk, based on innovative models, methods, frameworks, tools and technologies to develop decision-making platforms with a fine-grained spatio-temporal data to better assess impacts, vulnerability and resilience on natural hazards. This Report is the Deliverable 1.1 and belongs to Work Package 1, which is mainly addressed to identify the past climate and physical processes that underlie natural disaster events and their consequences

A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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