Publicações

Nowadays, the use of RANS-based models for simulating numerical wave flumes and studying coastal engineering structures is common and allows investigating accurately phenomena that occur in current/wavestructure interactions. Comprehension of energy transformations in these processes can support designers tooptimize the system. In this study, a methodology to evaluate the terms of the energy rate balance in coastalengineering problems is developed. The methodology is applied to the propagation of regular waves in numericalwave flumes, onshore oscillating water column wave energy converter integrated into a vertical breakwater, andtwo types of rubble-mound breakwaters. The direct determination of the energy rate due to viscous and urbulencelosses and the porous resistance in rubble-mound breakwaters are carried out by time integration insidethe computational domain. Besides, the reflected and transmitted energy rates in the flume are calculated bymeans of this methodology, instead of the standard gauge methods, commonly used in physical and numericalflumes. Complementary, studies may be carried out for random incident waves and the methodology can beapplied to 3D wave tanks.

The evaluation of damage progression caused by wave action on physical models of rubble-mound breakwaters can be accomplished through two types of methods: quantifying the movements and falls of the resistant armor elements by visual inspection (the traditional, classical method) or determining the eroded volumes and depths between consecutive surveys of armor layers using sensors and photogrammetric methods (3D scanning methods). Of the latter, one may use techniques such as the so-called "Kinect", "Photogrammetry" and "LiDAR". The end-product of these techniques is, among others, point clouds, which allow obtaining three-dimensional surface models. In this paper, four of the latter techniques (3D scanning methods) are briefly described, and a comparison is made between them regarding their usability in current tests, their advantages and disadvantages, among themselves for a study case of the physical 3D model of the Ericeira breakwater. In evaluating survey quality across the four methods, RMSE (root mean square error) was employed to align obtained point clouds with ground control points (GCP). Notably, Photogrammetry, Kinect, and Azure techniques showed excellent RMSE values. Conversely, the LiDAR-derived-method cloud, using a smartphone with LiDAR sensor and 3dScanner app, fails to yield acceptable and accurate results for the research objectives of this paper.

Data of wave dissipation over vegetation fields was collected from laboratory flume experiments, fordifferent vegetation and wave conditions. An analytical model and a numerical model are applied to estimatethe wave dissipation obtained in the experiments, through the calibration of the bulk drag coefficient (CD).Results and conclusions will analyse and compare each model behaviour and obtained CD values.

Downtime of port terminals results in large economic losses and has a major impact on the overallcompetitiveness of ports. EarlyWarning Systems (EWS) are an effective tool to reduce ports

Coastal hazards such as flooding and erosion can cause large economic and human losses. Under this threat, early warning systems can be very cost-effective solutions for disaster preparation. The goal of this study was todevelop, test, and implement an operational coastal erosion early warning system supported by a particularmethod of machine learning. Thus, the system combines Bayesian Networks, and state-of-the-art numericalmodels, such as XBeach and SWAN, to predict storm erosion impacts in urbanized areas. This system wasdeveloped in two phases. In the development phase, all information required to apply the machine learningmethod was generated including the definition of hundreds of oceanic synthetic storms, modeling of the erosioncaused by these storms, and characterization of the impact levels according to a newly defined eerosion iimpactindex. This adimensional index relates the distance from the edge of the dune/beach scarp to buildings and theheight of that scarp. Finally, a Bayesian Network that acted as a surrogate of the previously generated informationwas built. After the training of the network, the conditional probability tables were created. These tablesconstituted the ground knowledge to make the predictions in the second phase. This methodology was validated(1) by comparing 6-h predictions obtained with the Bayesian Network and with process-based models, the latestconsidered as the benchmark, and (2) by assessing the predictive skills of the Bayesian Network through theunbiased iterative k-fold cross-validation procedure. Regarding the first comparison, the analysis considered theentire duration of three large storms whose return periods were 10, 16, and 25 years, and it was observed that theBayesian Network correctly predicted between 64% and 72% of the impacts during the course of the storms,depending on the area analyzed. Importantly, this method was also able to identify when the hazardous conditionsdisappeared after predicting potential consequences. Regarding the Regarding the second validationapproach, second validation approach, the k-fold cross-validation procedure was applied to the peak of a set ofvarying storms and it demonstrated that the predictive skills were maximized (63%

This paper investigates the influence of sea severity and mooring line pretension configuration on the operabilityof a moored vessel at a modified berthing site inside a port. A physical model was constructed to replicate thenew layout of the port of Leix

A wave flume is used to study a scaled model of a stepped bottom dual-chamber Oscillating Water Column (OWC) installed onshore. Compared to traditional single-chamber OWCs, the use of dual-chambers is expected to widen the range of sea states in which the OWC is more efficient, and the step, in front of the first chamber, boosts the capturing energy capacity of the device. The Power Take-Off (PTO) system is modelled as an air opening in the pneumatic chambers. Several experiments combining regular incident waves and PTO damping conditions are performed. Results of the amplitudes of the free surface elevations inside the chambers show that the device can amplify the incident wave amplitude up to 1.57 times in chamber 2. Results of the primary efficiency show that the device is highly dependent on the PTO damping characteristics and can reach around 40% for a wide range of wave periods. Results of the reflection analysis show that the reflection coefficient is also dependent on the PTO damping characteristics but remain lower than 0.6 for all the studied cases. Sloshing phenomenon (mostly in the cross-section direction) was observed for a wavelength close to the cross-section dimension, impacting negatively on the device pneumatic performance.

Laboratory experiments of wave propagation over rigid and flexible vegetation fields, with the same configurations, were conducted to understand the effect of vegetation flexibility on the drag coefficient (CD). The direct method and the least squares method (LSM), based on force and flow measurements, are applied to calculate the CD in the experimental conditions. The formulations of both methods are extended to estimate the CD for flexible vegetation cases. A video analysis was performed to account for the swaying motion. Typically, wave dissipation is lower for flexible than for rigid vegetation of the same configuration, under the same flow condition. Therefore, a proportional effect in the corresponding CD results, obtained from common CD calibration to wave dissipation without considering vegetation motion, is usually observed. However, the present results show that although the wave dissipation was 34% lower for flexible relative to rigid vegetation, the respective CD values were close. CD estimations considering vegetation motion and inertia suggest that CD of flexible vegetation was up to 13% higher relative to rigid vegetation. Accounting for inertia reduced the CD for rigid vegetation up to 7%, while raised the CD for flexible vegetation up to 13%.

Aquatic vegetation in the littoral zone plays a crucial role in attenuating wave energy andprotecting coastal communities from hazardous events. This study contributes to the developmentof numerical models aimed at designing nature-based coastal defense systems. Specifically, a novelnumerical application for simulating wave

Neste artigo descrevem-se as metodologias actualmente empregues no LNEC para o processamentode registos de agitação marítima, funções discretas do tempo representando a elevação da superfícieda água, pressão ou outros. Os resultados que se obtêm são as características de agitação marítimaapresentadas sob a forma de parâmetros temporais e espectrais: alturas de onda e períodos de onda.É também possível obter as direcções de onda, não como resultados directos da análise temporal eespectral dos registos das elevações, mas como produto da utilização de um método baseado notrabalho de Longuet-Higgins (Dean & Dalrymple, 2000), adaptado para o efeito.As metodologias referidas foram implementadas no pacote de software SAM, em 3 módulosdistintos, dois dos quais realizados para este trabalho, e foram aplicadas a um caso de estudo, Praiada Vitória (ilha Terceira, Açores), local onde foram instalados diversos instrumentos de medição(bóia-ondógrafo, sensores de pressão de fundo, radar), no âmbito dos projectos CLIMAAT,CLIMARCOST e RADMAR. Os resultados, referentes a um período de um mês de dadosprovenientes da bóia-ondógrafo, de 30 de Novembro de 2009 a 29 de Dezembro de 2009, permitemconcluir que as análises temporal e espectral produzem resultados muito idênticos em termos dealturas de onda, apesar de se observarem algumas diferenças no tocante aos períodos,principalmente ao variar o modo como se definem as ondas no campo temporal

Wave-structure interaction and wave propagation on complex topography are veryimportant in Coastal Engineering. They involve phenomena that combine reflection, shoaling,refraction and diffraction that generate harmonics with complex energy transfers. Over the pastdecades, many numerical models have been developed to deal with these problems. Due to the largehorizontal dimensions of the region under study, the numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokesequations have high computational costs to determine the three-dimensional velocity and pressurefields, besides the free surface position. However, when flow separation, vortex or turbulencephenomena are involved, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models provide more accurate results.The objective of this paper is to apply the FLUINCO model (P. Teixeira and C. Fortes, Rev. Int. Mét.Num. Cálc. Dis. Ing., 25(2):313-336 (2009)) to test cases of wave propagation in channels. FLUINCOemploys the two step semi-implicit Taylor-Galerkin fractional method to discretize the Navier-Stokesequations in time and space. The code adopts linear tetrahedral elements and the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation to enable the solution of problems concerning the free surface motion. Asmoothing procedure is applied to the mesh velocity distribution to minimize element distortion,considering the velocities of each node belonging to the boundary surface. The first application is thewave propagation in a channel of constant depth. The energy spectrum, pressure and velocity fieldsproduced by the numerical model are compared with linear and nonlinear wave theories. The secondcase deals with the wave propagation over the trapezoidal submerged breakwaters. Two types ofbreakwater slopes are studied: the first with upstream and downstream slopes of 1:20 and 1:10,respectively; and the second with both 1:2 slopes. The results of the surface elevation and the energyspectrum at various points in the field as well as the pressure and velocity fields for each breakwatergeometry are presented. In the last case, vortices near the upstream slope, that increase nonlineareffects, are found. Finally, the wave propagation over a submerged horizontal cylinder is analyzed andthese results are compared with experimental ones. The flow near the cylinder, the free surface andthe velocity profiles on several gauges are analyzed.

O presente trabalho ilustra uma metodologia desenvolvida no Laboratório Nacional de EngenhariaCivil (LNEC) com a colaboração do Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente daUniversidade Nova de Lisboa para avaliação do risco de inundação de uma zona costeira e a suaaplicação à praia de Vale do Lobo, concelho de Loulé. A metodologia baseia-se em quatro etapasprincipais: a) divisão da área em estudo em sub-áreas com características semelhantes em termosde defesa costeira; b) determinação da probabilidade de ocorrência de cotas de inundação queexcedem limiares pré-estabelecidos para cada área de estudo; c) estabelecimento de factoresqualitativos associados às consequências da ocorrência de cotas de inundação que excedem esseslimiares; d) combinação dos passos acima para avaliação expedita dos riscos de inundação.Para a determinação das cotas de inundação recorreu-se à metodologia de RAPOSEIRO et al.(2009a,b,c; 2010), baseada nas condições de agitação marítima medidas na bóia-ondógrafo de Faroao longo de 9 anos, na sua propagação até à zona em estudo com recurso ao modelo SWAN,inserido no sistema de informação geográfica (SIG), GUIOMAR, e à determinação do espraiamentoe respectivas cotas de inundação com base em fórmulas empíricas. Dá-se especial ênfase àautomatização deste processo no GUIOMAR de modo a torná-lo eficiente e de resposta rápida.Para determinar o risco de inundação da zona costeira desenvolveu-se uma metodologia com basenos trabalhos de FERREIRA (1999 e 2004), que recorre a um sistema de informação geográfica e àanálise multicritério para avaliar a vulnerabilidade do território a diversos episódios de inundação edeterminar as diferentes áreas de risco

O presente trabalho descreve a aplicação do sistema integrado para modelação numérica em engenharia portuária e costeira, GUIOMAR, na avaliação do risco para a navegação em zonas portuárias. Trata-se de um sistema desenvolvido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) com o software comercial de Informação Geográfica, ArcGISTM.Naquele sistema foi criado um conjunto de procedimentos automáticos que implementa uma metodologia de avaliação do risco para a navegação, com base na altura do movimento vertical de um ponto de um navio provocado pela agitação incidente no navio ao longo da sua trajectória.Estes novos procedimentos foram testados para dois portos portugueses, o porto de Sines e o porto de praia da Vitória.

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O presente trabalho descreve a primeira abordagem do sistema integrado de modelação daagitação marítima, GUIOMAR, na avaliação do risco para a navegação em zonas portuárias. Foi criadoum conjunto de procedimentos automáticos que implementa uma metodologia de avaliação do risco paraa navegação, com base na amplitude da componente vertical do movimento de um navio ao longo dasua trajectória provocado pela agitação incidente no navio. Para tal, utilizaram-se os registos do períodode 1988 a 2002 da bóia-ondógrafo localizada ao largo do porto de Sines e transferiram-se esses registospara o interior do porto, utilizando dois modelos numéricos de propagação e deformação da agitaçãomarítima (SWAN e DREAMS), inseridos no próprio sistema GUIOMAR. Com base nas condições deagitação marítima no interior do porto, o modelo numérico WAMIT foi utilizado para o cálculo dosmovimentos verticais do navio. Por fim, testou-se o procedimento automático de avaliação do risco paraa navegação, que considera que o grau de risco é o produto do grau atribuído à probabilidade deocorrência de movimentos verticais de um navio que excedem limiares pré-estabelecidos pelo grauatribuído às consequências dessa excedência. O resultado desde trabalho consistiu na criação de mapasde risco para um troço de navegação junto ao molhe oeste do porto de Sines.Os recentes desenvolvimentos contribuem para que o sistema GUIOMAR constitua um sistemafiável, simples e rápido de suporte à tomada de decisão em estudos costeiros e portuários

A região adjacente à Ilha Ponta do Tubarão, situada no litoral do Estado do Rio Grande doNorte, nordeste do Brasil, é uma zona costeira de alta complexidade ambiental devido àscaracterísticas biológicas e físicas de alta sensibilidade dos ecossistemas presentes e em relação àimportância do potencial económico para o população residente e para o estado. Os recursosnaturais lá encontrados, como as ilhas barreiras, os campos dunares e os canais de marés,parcialmente ocupados por manguezais, estão em contacto directo com as actividades da indústriasalineira, da carcinicultura e petrolífera, importantes para a economia regional e nacional. Por essemotivo, trata-se de uma área que apresenta uma vulnerabilidade ambiental natural elevada emdecorrência do constante risco de acidentes ambientais.Diante deste cenário, a região tem sido alvo de estudos interdisciplinares que tentamcontribuir para o entendimento da dinâmica costeira na região e preencher lacunas ainda inerentesa complexidade dos processos geológicos nesse sistema holocênico de ilhas barreiras(NASCIMENTO, 2009), e principalmente dos oceanográficos e climáticos, oriundos de uma carênciana base de informações e séries temporais ao longo das décadas. Este facto leva as equipes deinvestigação a fazerem uso de modelos numéricos.Nesta comunicação, descreve-se as medições hidrodinâmicas efectuadas na região e umaaplicação preliminar do modelo SWAN à zona marítima na costa setentrional do Rio Grande doNorte na região da ilha Ponta do Tubarão, entre os municípios de Macau e Guamaré. Os resultadosnuméricos são comparados com os dados obtidos na campanha de campo realizada de 11 a 12 deDezembro de 2010 de modo a avaliar o desempenho do modelo SWAN.

The use of numerical models to calculate the mean overtopping discharges is,nowadays, more frequent in preliminary design of coastal structures, since they aremore flexible than both empirical/semi-empirical and physical models and, oncecalibrated and validated, they can be applied reliably to a large range of alternativestructure geometries and wave conditions. There are different models that can be usedto calculate the mean overtopping discharges over a structure. The paper compares theoutput from three numerical models used to predict the mean overtopping discharges:AMAZON [1], based on solving the non-linear shallow-water equations; and twomodels based on Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, COBRAS-UC [2], aEulerian model using the volume of fluid (VoF) method for surface capturing, andSPHysics [3], a Lagrangian model based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).The numerical results are also compared with experimental data obtained at theNational Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC), Portugal, in the framework of theComposite Modelling of the Interactions between Beaches and Structures (CoMIBBs)project, a joint research activity of the HYDRALAB III European project [4]. Theexperimental work consists of wave propagation, with breaking, and wave overtoppingof an impermeable seawall, a common coastal defense structure employed at thePortuguese coast.Results of free-surface elevation along the computational domain and of meanovertopping discharges are presented and discussed. Although the processes of wavegeneration used in the laboratory and in the models were different, the agreement in thefree surface was reasonable: the wave period obtained with the models agreed very wellwith the data and the shape of the wave presented some minor differences to thephysical model data, as well as the wave height. The results of mean overtoppingdischarges obtained with the three models agreed very well with the physical modelresults.

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The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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