Artigos de Revista

We present a new formulation to predict the bed shear stress under skewed/asymmetric oscillatory flows(with or without a co-linear mean current), extending the work of Nielsen (1992). The nonlinearity of theoscillatory flow is incorporated through the use of two parameters: the index of skewness or nonlinearity,and the waveform parameter. The new formulation is tested against the bed shear stress estimated fromthe log-fit and momentum-integral methods, using oscillatory data from oscillating water tunnel experiments.The new formulation and the momentum-integral method agree well, but differ from those withthe log-fit method, possibly because both methodologies lead to different results for the phase lead betweenthe bed shear stress and the free-stream velocity. The new bed shear stress formulation is incorporated in aquasi-steady bedload formula, and accurately reproduces net transport rates under non-linear, nonbreakingwaves with and without an opposing current.

One of the most worrying degradation mechanisms in hardened concrete is the occurrence of chemical expansive reactions, namely due to alkali-silica reactions (ASR). This pathology involves the formation of expansive products inside the material. This situation is very difficult to deal with, because presently there is no efficient method to repair concrete structures affected by ASR. Hence, there is an urgent need to find preventive methods that may inhibit these reactions in new concrete structures. Nowadays, the use of pozzolanic mineral additions is recommended to mitigate this type of degradation. Moreover, their effect depends on their chemical and mineralogical composition and also on the cement content replacement ratio. Glass is a common material with some environmental problems regarding recycling and landfilling. Some studies exist about its use as fine powder, like a pozzolan, in cement-based materials. However, there are also some problems related to its use as coarse aggregate in cement–based materials due to ASR development. This paper presents the results obtained in mortars exposed to 1M NaOH solution prepared with crushed glass as aggregate and as addition in cement substitution. The results reveal that ASR is reduced with the incorporation of glass as aggregate or addition, and its efficiency depends on its replacement content. This study shows that an incorporation of glass aggregates up to 20% in mass will generate no significant expansion when compared with concrete made with natural aggregates.

Em 2005 estimava-se [1] que cerca de 70% das pessoas do "mundo desenvolvido" viveriam em casas com estrutura de madeira. Calculava-se ainda que, nos EUA e no Canadá, teriam estrutura de madeira cerca de 90% dos edifícios de pequena altura. Em 2000, no conjunto de todos os países desenvolvidos, deveria haver cerca de 150 milhões de casas com estrutura de madeira, sendo deste tipo mais de 90% da construção total da habitação na Noruega, na Suécia e na Austrália, 60% na Escócia e 45% no Japão.

A madeira é um material com excelentes potencialidades técnicas e arquitetónicas e grande interesse do ponto de vista da construção sustentável, mas é igualmente um material particularmente sensível às condições de aplicação e utilização. A variabilidade, anisotropia, higroscopicidade e suscetibilidade de degradação biológica da madeira tornam especialmente relevante a atenção aos pormenores construtivos a adotar, no sentido de evitar situações críticas que comprometam o desempenho e a durabilidade das construções. Construir bem em madeira é muito mais do que tirar partido estético do material, construindo edifícios apelativos, funcionais e bem integrados no espaço envolvente. Saber construir em madeira é sobretudo tirar partido das boas qualidades do material, sabendo contornar as suas limitações, evitando situações de exposição ao ambiente, solicitações mecânicas, condições de funcionamento e ações de manutenção suscetíveis de conduzir à sua degradação precoce.

A monitoring system has been detecting progressive displacements in Fagilde dam, completed in 1984. Site inspection revealed the existence of random cracking, surface discoloration, and superficial dissolution of cement in the spillway surfaces and in the upstream face of the dam. The macroscopic signs of deterioration, which could be due to different mechanisms, showed an uneven distribution in the exposed surfaces of the structure. Crushed limestone and alluvial siliceous sand were used as aggregates. Alkali–aggregate reaction was considered to be the likely cause of concrete distress. In order to investigate the causes of cracking and of the movements registered in the wall, drill core sampling was performed and the concrete investigated for the occurrence of expansive reactions. Concrete petrography was complemented by other tests in order to assess the probable evolution of the reactions in the structure in the near future. Residual expansion tests, soluble alkalis evaluation, and unconfined compression tests were carried out. Alkali–aggregate reactions and internal sulfate reaction were considered to be the main causes of damage in the concrete. In this study, microscopy showed to be an essential tool in the identification of the main causes of deterioration.

In coastal areas of Portugal, many historical buildings and fortresses still exist that were constructed inmasonry with aerial lime mortars. These mortars are often found to be in good condition, showing appropriate cohesion and adhesion to the background, although usually they show surface degradation as a result ofthe aggressive marine environment.The aim of this paper is to present and characterize the mortars used for the renders and plasters of one ofthese fortresses, that of Nossa Senhora da Luz which was constructed and modified over several centuries.The study of the mortars permitted to identify a construction period chronology improving the knowledge ofthe changes in formulation of the aerial lime mortars thus allowing to select compatible repair solutions

This Discussion provides comments on the applicationof grain-size trend analysis to Camposoto beach(SW Spain) reported by Poizot et al. (2013) in Geo-MarineLetters 33(4):263

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Os produtos da construção são integrados num "todo" que é o edifício.Todos os produtos nele integrados contribuem para os impactes inerentes ao ciclo de vida do edifício. Na verdade, o princípio que deve ser seguido é o da minimização dos impactes inerentes ao edifício durante todo o ciclo de vida. Naturalmente podem existir alguns aspectos que circunstancialmente sejam considerados mais relevantes e privilegiados. Por exemplo, a energia pode ter uma importância especial pelo grande impacte na fase de utilização do edifício e por ser relevante reduzir a dependência energética a fontes politicamente instáveis, embora este último aspecto tenha a sua importância actual um pouco mais mitigada devido à importante incorporação de energias renováveis de origem nacional no mix energético nacional.